Consulting

The case interview, explained

How consulting case interviews work and how to prepare: what interviewers look for, how to structure a problem, the main case types, mental maths and market sizing, and four original practice cases you can work through.

What a case interview is

A case interview is a business problem you solve out loud with the interviewer, usually in twenty to forty minutes. You are given a situation, for example a company whose profits are falling, and you work towards a recommendation. It is a conversation, not a test with one right answer: the interviewer wants to see how you think.

Consulting firms use it because it mirrors the real work: taking an ambiguous problem, breaking it down, doing the maths, and giving advice a client can act on. You do not need prior business knowledge, but you do need a clear head and structure.

Five things interviewers look for

Structure
Can you break a messy problem into clear, distinct parts that together cover the question?
Analysis
Can you read data, do quick maths, and draw the right conclusion from the numbers?
Communication
Do you explain your thinking clearly and take the interviewer along step by step?
Business judgement
Are your ideas realistic and practical, and do you weigh trade-offs sensibly?
Poise
Do you stay calm, handle a nudge or a wrong turn well, and keep thinking clearly?

How to work through a case

1
Listen and clarify
Note the objective and any numbers. Ask one or two sharp clarifying questions, then confirm the goal in your own words.
2
Structure
Take up to a minute to think. Lay out a few clear buckets that together cover the problem, and walk the interviewer through them before diving in.
3
Analyse
Work through one branch at a time. Ask for data where you need it, do the maths out loud, and say what each result means.
4
Synthesise
Step back regularly. Pull the findings together into a clear line of reasoning rather than a pile of facts.
5
Recommend
Finish with a crisp recommendation: what to do, why, the main risk, and a sensible next step.

The main types of case

Most cases are a variation on a handful of types. Recognising the type quickly helps you structure, but always tailor your approach to the specific problem.

Profitability
Profit is falling or too low. Split into revenue and cost, then drill into the side that is driving the change.
Market entry
Should a company enter a new market or country? Weigh market attractiveness, the company's fit, and how to enter.
Market sizing
Estimate a number from scratch with logical assumptions. Tests structure and maths, not knowledge.
Pricing
How to price a product: by cost, by competitors, or by the value it creates for the customer.
Growth
How to grow revenue: more customers, more per customer, new products, or new markets.
M&A / investment
Should a company buy another or invest? Look at the standalone value, the fit, and the price.

Mental maths and market sizing

You will do arithmetic without a calculator: percentages, growth, breakeven, and multiplying large round numbers. Practise until it is quick and accurate, and always sanity-check the result against common sense.

A worked market-sizing example (illustrative)

Question: roughly how many takeaway coffees are sold in Amsterdam on a typical working day? There is no exact answer; the point is a clear structure and reasonable assumptions.

Assume about 900,000 residents, plus commuters and visitors, so treat the daytime population as roughly 1,000,000. Suppose one in three buys a takeaway coffee on a working day, giving about 330,000 coffees. Add a share for tourists and multiple-cup buyers, say 20 percent, and you land near 400,000 takeaway coffees a day. State the assumptions clearly, and note that the answer moves with them; that transparency is what the interviewer rewards.

The numbers above are illustrative assumptions to show the method, not researched figures.

Four practice cases

Work through each one out loud: clarify the goal, build a structure, reason through it, and finish with a recommendation. Try it before reading the approach.

Case 1: Profitability

Prompt: A city bike-sharing operator in the Netherlands has seen its profit fall for two years while the number of rides has grown. The client wants to know why, and what to do about it.

How to approach it: Split profit into revenue and cost. Revenue per ride may have dropped (discounts, subscriptions, pricing) even as volume rose; on the cost side, look at maintenance, redistribution of bikes, theft and damage, and staff. Find the branch driving the fall, quantify it, then propose targeted actions.

Case 2: Market entry

Prompt: A Scandinavian chain of premium coffee bars is considering entering the Dutch market. Should it, and if so, how?

How to approach it: Assess the market (size, growth, how crowded, customer habits), the company's fit and edge versus incumbents, and the economics of a single outlet (revenue, rent, staff, breakeven). Then choose an entry route: own stores, franchise, or partnership. Recommend only if the outlet economics and a credible edge both hold.

Case 3: Market sizing

Prompt: Estimate how many electric bicycles are sold in the Netherlands in a year.

How to approach it: Start from the population, convert to households or adults, estimate what share owns an e-bike, and divide by the average years a bike is kept to get annual replacement, then add first-time buyers. State each assumption and give a range, not a single false-precise number.

Case 4: M&A

Prompt: A large supermarket group is considering acquiring a fast-growing meal-kit delivery startup. Should it?

How to approach it: Look at the target on its own (growth, profitability, why it is for sale), the strategic fit and synergies (customers, logistics, buying power, brand), and the price and risks (integration, churn, whether growth is durable). Recommend based on whether the fit and a sensible price line up, not on growth alone.

A simple prep plan

1
Learn the case types
Understand the handful of types above so you can structure fast.
2
Drill mental maths daily
Ten minutes a day of percentages and big multiplications builds real speed.
3
Practise out loud with a partner
Cases in your head feel easy and teach little. Do them live and get feedback.
4
Review after every case
Write down two things to improve each time and track your progress.

Frequently asked questions

What is a case interview?

A case interview is a business problem the interviewer asks you to work through out loud, usually in 20 to 40 minutes. You clarify the question, structure your approach, analyse data and simple maths, and end with a clear recommendation. It mirrors the kind of problem a consultant faces on a real project.

What do interviewers actually assess?

Five things: how logically you structure an ambiguous problem, how well you analyse numbers and data, how clearly you communicate, whether you show practical business judgement, and how you stay composed under pressure. A wrong final number with strong reasoning usually beats a lucky answer with weak logic.

Should I memorise frameworks?

Know the classic structures, but do not force a memorised framework onto every case. Interviewers can tell instantly. Build a tailored structure for the specific problem in front of you; the frameworks are a toolkit, not a script.

How much maths is involved?

Enough to matter. You should be comfortable with percentages, growth, breakeven, and multiplying and dividing large numbers without a calculator. Practising mental maths until it is quick and accurate removes a common source of stress.

What is a market-sizing question?

An estimation question such as 'how many X are sold in the Netherlands per year'. There is no exact answer; the interviewer wants to see you break the problem into logical parts, use sensible assumptions, and reach a defensible number.

How should I structure my answer?

Take a moment to think, then lay out a small number of clear, distinct buckets that together cover the problem. Explain your structure before diving in, work through it one branch at a time, and keep linking back to the original question.

How many rounds of case interviews are there?

Usually several across two rounds: a first round with one or two cases, and a final round of three or more with more senior interviewers. The later cases test the same skills at a higher bar, plus more fit and judgement.

How do I prepare in a few weeks?

Learn the case types, drill mental maths daily, do practice cases out loud with a partner rather than in your head, and after each one write down two things to improve. Twenty to thirty live practice cases is a realistic target before first rounds.

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